Volume 12 Issue 4
Energy Price Distortions and Urban Carbon Emission Efficiency: Evidence from China’s Energy-Intensive Sectors
Xiaozhen Wang,Binbin Liao,Li Cheng,Jingyi Li,Xuanyadong Yang andXiaolei Wang
1CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources, Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
3Joint Laboratory of Guangdong-Hong Kong Universities for Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
4Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
5Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Polar Life and Environment Sciences, School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Three new 24-membered macrolactines, amylomacrolactines A–C (1–3), along with two known compounds 4 and 5, were isolated from the Arctic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SCSIO 41392. The configurations of 1–3 were assigned by a combination of coupling constants, NOESY, and analysis of MM2-optimized conformation, as well as by comparison with reports in the literature. Compounds 1 and 2 showed quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activities against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) PQS system and suppressed PQS-regulated virulence factor pyocyanin synthesis. In addition, compounds 3–5 affected the production of another essential virulence factor, siderophore of pyoverdine (PVD), in P. aeruginosa. More importantly, compound 5 showed an anti-biofilm activity against P. aeruginosa. Altogether, the isolated compounds displayed multiple bacterial virulence inhibition activities, which is worthy of further exploration for novel analogues in antimicrobial drug development.
Keywords: macrolactines; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; arctic bacteria; bacterial virulence inhibition activity